Personnel engaged in suspended high-altitude operations should fasten their safety belts securely. The selection and wearing of safety belts should comply with the relevant provisions of the current national standard “Safety Belt” (GB6095). Safety belts are crucial for protecting the lives of workers in high-altitude situations. They are designed to prevent falls and reduce the impact force in case of an accidental fall. When choosing a safety belt, factors such as its load-bearing capacity, comfort, and ease of use need to be considered. Moreover, proper wearing techniques, including correct attachment points and adjustment of the straps, are essential to ensure its effectiveness.
During the construction process of buildings, closely meshed safety vertical nets should be used to enclose the buildings (or edge protection measures should be taken). This measure serves multiple purposes. Firstly, it can prevent construction debris and small objects from falling from high altitudes, protecting the safety of people and property on the ground. Secondly, it provides a certain degree of wind resistance and dust prevention, creating a relatively clean and safe working environment for construction workers. Additionally, the use of safety nets can also enhance the overall stability and safety of the construction site.
During the construction process of buildings, effective measures should be taken to cover and firmly fix all kinds of holes on the construction site and in the buildings. Holes, whether large or small, pose a significant safety hazard. Uncovered holes can lead to workers falling through, resulting in serious injuries or even fatalities. Therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate materials, such as sturdy boards or covers, to seal the holes. These covers should be able to withstand the weight and pressure of people and objects, and be firmly fixed to prevent them from being dislodged accidentally.
A protective shed should be set up above the areas where people are concentrated and at the entrances and exits. The protective shed serves as a shield to protect people from falling objects, such as tools, building materials, or debris that may accidentally fall from higher levels. It should be constructed with strong and durable materials, and its size and structure should be designed to provide sufficient protection. The height and length of the protective shed should be determined according to the actual situation of the construction site to ensure that it can effectively cover the relevant areas.
The safety technical measures for high-altitude operations should be determined in the construction plan and completed before the construction starts. Finally, it should be checked and accepted to confirm that it meets the requirements. These safety technical measures are the foundation for ensuring the safety of high-altitude operations. They include aspects such as the design and installation of safety equipment, the formulation of operation procedures, and the establishment of emergency response plans. Before the construction, a detailed assessment of the construction site and the construction process should be carried out to identify potential safety hazards and develop corresponding prevention and control measures.
Personnel engaged in high-altitude operations should undergo regular physical examinations as required. High-altitude operations require workers to have good physical conditions and mental states. Regular physical examinations can help detect potential health problems in a timely manner, such as cardiovascular diseases, high blood pressure, or visual impairments, which may affect the safety of high-altitude operations. Workers with certain health problems may not be suitable for high-altitude work, and appropriate adjustments should be made to ensure their safety and the normal progress of the work.
If there are no maintenance facilities at the edge of the work area or the maintenance height is lower than 800mm, main protective facilities must be set up. The height of the protective railing on the horizontal working surface is 1.2m. The protective railing should be enclosed with a safety vertical net, or a toe board with a height of not less than 180mm should be set at the bottom of the railing. The protective railing is an important safety barrier to prevent workers from falling off the working surface. It should be made of strong materials and installed firmly. The safety vertical net can further enhance the safety protection effect, preventing small objects from falling and providing a certain degree of psychological comfort for workers. The toe board can prevent small tools or debris from rolling off the working surface, reducing the risk of injury to people below.
Protective facilities must be set up for high-altitude operations at the edges of holes and openings, including the edges of pile holes with a depth of 2m or more, the edges of trenches formed due to the construction process, and the edges of openings reserved for the installation of equipment and pipelines. These areas are particularly prone to accidents, and proper protective measures are essential. In addition to setting up protective railings, safety nets or other appropriate protective devices can also be used to ensure the safety of workers operating near these holes and openings.
For smaller holes, solid covers should be used to cover them tightly, and the covers should be able to prevent displacement. For larger holes, in addition to sealing the holes with safety nets or covers, protective railings should also be set up around the holes. The design and installation of hole covers should be based on the size and characteristics of the holes. Smaller holes can be covered with simple and sturdy boards, while larger holes require more comprehensive protection measures, such as a combination of safety nets and protective railings. The protective railings around the larger holes should be of appropriate height and strength to prevent people from accidentally falling into the holes.
For vertical openings on the wall surface (such as elevator shaft openings and pipeline shaft openings), in addition to setting up protective railings or fixed grilles at the wellhead, a horizontal net should be set up every 10m in the shaft. The elevator shaft and pipeline shaft are high-risk areas, and the installation of protective railings at the wellhead can prevent people from falling into the shafts. The horizontal nets set up at regular intervals in the shafts can act as a buffer in case of a fall, reducing the impact force and the risk of serious injury.
Ladders should not be used after being padded. The bottom of the ladder feet should be solid and have anti-slip measures, and the upper end should have a fixing measure. When using a folding ladder, there should be reliable bracing measures. Ladders are commonly used tools for high-altitude operations, but improper use of ladders can lead to accidents. Ensuring the stability of the ladder is crucial. The anti-slip measures at the bottom of the ladder feet can prevent the ladder from slipping during use, and the fixing measure at the upper end can prevent the ladder from tilting or falling. For folding ladders, reliable bracing measures are necessary to ensure their structural integrity and safety.
Operators should go up and down through the specified passages and should not arbitrarily use construction equipment such as the frame of the hoist for climbing. The specified passages are designed to ensure the safety of workers going up and down. Using construction equipment for climbing not only violates safety regulations but also poses a great risk of falling. Workers should be aware of the importance of using the correct passages and should not take shortcuts that may endanger their lives.
When carrying out high-altitude operations in a state of being adjacent to an open space, there should be a reliable foothold (such as setting up a scaffolding or a working platform), and safety measures such as setting up protective railings, hanging safety nets, and wearing safety belts should be set according to the operating conditions. A reliable foothold is the basis for ensuring the safety of high-altitude operations. Whether it is a scaffolding or a working platform, it should be designed and installed in strict accordance with relevant standards and specifications. The setting of protective railings, safety nets, and the wearing of safety belts can further enhance the safety protection level and reduce the risk of accidents.
When performing steel bar binding and installation of the skeleton, a scaffolding should be set up. Operators should not arbitrarily use construction equipment such as the frame of the hoist for climbing. Steel bar binding and installation work often requires workers to work at a certain height. Setting up a scaffolding provides a stable working platform for workers, making the operation more convenient and safe. At the same time, it is necessary to prevent workers from using other construction equipment for climbing to avoid potential safety hazards.
When pouring concrete more than 2m above the ground, an operation platform should be set up, and operators should not stand on the formwork or support rods for operation. Pouring concrete at a height requires careful operation to ensure the quality of the concrete and the safety of workers. An operation platform provides a stable working space for workers, allowing them to carry out the pouring operation more smoothly. Standing on the formwork or support rods is extremely dangerous, as it may cause the formwork or support rods to collapse, resulting in serious accidents.
Cross-construction should preferably avoid operations in the same vertical direction. The position of the lower-level operation should preferably be outside the radius of the possible fall of the upper-level height. When this requirement cannot be met, a safety protection layer should be set up. Cross-construction in the same vertical direction increases the risk of objects falling from the upper level and hitting the workers at the lower level. By keeping the lower-level operation outside the fall radius, the safety of workers can be effectively protected. If it is necessary to carry out cross-construction in the same vertical direction, setting up a safety protection layer, such as a protective net or a canopy, can reduce the impact of falling objects.
For various demolition operations (such as steel formwork, scaffolding, etc.), when demolishing from above, cleaning at the same time below is not allowed. The temporary material storage area should be at least 1m away from the edge. Demolition operations are high-risk operations, and there is a great risk of debris falling during the demolition process. Prohibiting simultaneous cleaning below can prevent workers from being injured by falling debris. Keeping the temporary material storage area a certain distance away from the edge can also prevent materials from accidentally falling off the edge and causing harm.
Above the entrances and exits of buildings, the loading entrances of elevators, and other areas where people are concentrated, a protective shed should be set up. The length of the protective shed should not be less than the specified radius of the object’s fall corresponding to the protective height. The protective shed above these areas is crucial for protecting the safety of people entering and leaving. Its length should be determined according to the height of the building and the potential fall range of objects to ensure that it can effectively cover the area and provide reliable protection.
Personnel participating in lifting and hoisting operations, including drivers, crane operators, signal commanders, and electric welders, etc., should all be special operation personnel. They must be personnel who have received professional training, passed the assessment, obtained the qualification certificate, and have been confirmed through physical examination to be capable of carrying out high-altitude operations. Lifting and hoisting operations are complex and require high professional skills and safety awareness. Special operation personnel should have in-depth knowledge of the operation procedures, safety regulations, and emergency response measures of lifting and hoisting equipment. Their professional qualifications and physical conditions are important guarantees for the safe operation of lifting and hoisting operations.
Before large-scale lifting and hoisting operations, the site should be carefully surveyed in detail. A special plan should be prepared according to the project characteristics and the operating environment, and it should be approved by the technical director of the enterprise. The content of the plan includes: the site environment and measures, the project overview and construction technology, the selection basis of the hoisting machinery, the design and calculation of the hoisting derrick, the design of the ground anchor, the design and selection of the steel wire rope and rigging, the requirements for the ground bearing capacity and the road, the component stacking and positioning diagram, as well as various protective measures during the hoisting process, etc. A detailed survey of the site can help identify potential safety hazards and obstacles in advance, and formulate corresponding solutions. The special plan is a guiding document for the safe and orderly progress of lifting and hoisting operations, covering all aspects of the operation process, from the selection of equipment to the implementation of safety measures.
After the hoisting machinery enters the site, it should be inspected and accepted. The reassembled hoisting machinery should be tested for operation according to the regulations, including static load and dynamic load tests, and the sensitivity and reliability of various safety devices should be tested. After the derrick is assembled according to the plan, it should be tested by trial hoisting to confirm that it meets the requirements before it can be used. The inspection and acceptance of hoisting machinery are important steps to ensure its safety performance. The static load and dynamic load tests can verify the load-bearing capacity and operating performance of the machinery, and the testing of safety devices can ensure that they can function properly in case of an emergency. The trial hoisting of the derrick can further check its stability and reliability.
In addition to the regular maintenance and repair of the mobile crane according to the regulations, it should also undergo regular operation tests every year, including the rated load test and the overload test, to inspect its mechanical performance, structural deformation, and load capacity. When it fails to meet the specified requirements, it should be used with a reduced load. The regular operation tests of the mobile crane can help detect potential problems in a timely manner and ensure its normal operation. If the crane fails to meet the specified requirements, using it with a reduced load can reduce the risk of accidents and extend its service life.
Before using the lifting and hoisting rigging and lifting tools, a piece-by-piece inspection and acceptance should be carried out according to the requirements of the construction plan design. The rigging and lifting tools are the key components for lifting and hoisting operations. Their quality and safety directly affect the success of the operation. A piece-by-piece inspection and acceptance can ensure that each rigging and lifting tool meets the design requirements and is in good working condition, preventing potential safety hazards caused by defective equipment.
The running road of the crane should be inspected. When the ground bearing capacity does not meet the requirements, paving measures such as using subgrade boxes should be taken. The running road of the crane needs to have sufficient bearing capacity to support the weight of the crane and the lifted load. If the ground bearing capacity is insufficient, the crane may sink or tilt during operation, resulting in serious accidents. Using subgrade boxes or other paving measures can improve the ground bearing capacity and ensure the stability of the crane’s operation.
The materials for various protective measures for lifting and hoisting, the erection of the scaffolding, and the enclosure of the dangerous operation area and other preparatory work should meet the requirements of the plan. These preparatory works are important parts of ensuring the safety of lifting and hoisting operations. The quality and installation of the materials for protective measures, the stability of the scaffolding, and the effectiveness of the enclosure of the dangerous operation area all need to be carefully checked and ensured to meet the requirements of the plan.
A safety technical disclosure should be carried out before the lifting and hoisting operation, and the content includes the hoisting process, the weight of the components, and the precautions. The safety technical disclosure is an important means to ensure that all personnel involved in the lifting and hoisting operation are aware of the operation process, the key points of safety, and the precautions. Through the disclosure, workers can better understand their responsibilities and tasks, and be more prepared to deal with potential safety hazards during the operation.
Operation should not be carried out when the load is overloaded or the weight of the object is unclear. Operations such as lifting a buried object with an unclear weight or pulling force, and oblique pulling and hoisting are not allowed. Oblique pulling and dragging during lifting are prohibited. Operation is prohibited when there are people or floating objects on the lifted object. The lifted heavy object should be bound evenly and firmly, and a cushion should be added between the sharp corners of the heavy object and the steel wire rope. During hoisting, it should not pass over people’s heads, and there should be no one under the crane boom. Special baskets must be used for hoisting gas cylinders and other items. These restrictions are to prevent accidents caused by overloading, improper operation, and potential safety hazards. Overloading can cause damage to the hoisting equipment and increase the risk of the load falling. Oblique pulling and dragging can lead to uneven stress on the rigging and the object, increasing the likelihood of accidents. Ensuring that there are no people or floating objects on the lifted object and following the correct hoisting procedures are essential for the safety of the operation.
In conclusion, the safety measures for lifting and hoisting operations cover various aspects, from personal protection of workers to the inspection and operation of equipment, and from the preparation of the construction site to the implementation of the operation process. Each safety measure is designed to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of personnel and property. In actual work, it is necessary to strictly implement these safety measures, continuously improve the safety awareness and professional skills of workers, and strengthen the management and supervision of lifting and hoisting operations. Only in this way can we effectively reduce the occurrence of safety accidents and create a safe and reliable working environment for construction projects. At the same time, with the continuous development of construction technology and equipment, it is also necessary to constantly update and improve these safety measures to adapt to new challenges and requirements.
